Market and Industry Trends. Biomass Energy. There are many pathways by which biomass feedstocks can be converted into useful renewable energy. A broad range of wastes, residues and crops grown for energy purposes can be used directly as fuels for heating and cooling or for electricity production, or they can be converted into gaseous or liquid fuels for transport or as replacements for petrochemicals. See Figure 6 in GSR 2. Many bioenergy technologies and conversion processes are now well established and fully commercial. A further set of conversion processes in particular for the production of advanced liquid fuels is maturing rapidly. In 2. 01. 6, local and global environmental concerns, rising energy demand and energy security continued to drive increasing production and use of bioenergy. Bioenergy consumption and investment in new capacity are supported by policy in many countries. See Policy Landscape chapter. However, in some countries, low fossil fuel prices during 2. Increased competition from other low cost renewable sources of electricity acted as a barrier to bio power production during the year. The continuing discussion about the sustainability of some forms of bioenergy has led to regulatory and policy uncertainty in some markets, and has made for a more difficult investment climate. Bioenergy Markets. Bioenergy in traditionali and modern uses is the largest contributor to global renewable energy supply. Total primary energy supplied from biomass in 2. EJ. 7 The supply of biomass for energy has been growing at around 2. The bioenergy share in total global primary energy consumption has remained relatively steady since 2. The contribution of bioenergy to final energy demand for heat in buildings and industry far outweighs its use for electricity and transport combined. See Figure 7. Figure 7. Shares of Biomass in Total Final Energy Consumption and in Final Energy Consumption, by End use Sector, 2. Source See endnote 1. Bio Heat Markets. Biomass in many forms as solids, liquids or gases can be used to produce heat. Solid biomass is burned directly using traditional stoves and more modern appliances to provide heat for cooking and for space and water heating in the residential sector. It also can be used at a larger scale to provide heat for institutional and commercial premises and in industry, where it can provide either low temperature heat for heating and drying applications or high temperature process heat. The heat also can be co generated with electricity via combined heat and power CHP systems, and distributed from larger production facilities by district energy systems to provide heating and in some cases cooling to residential, commercial and industrial customers. The traditional use of biomass for heat involves the burning of woody biomass or charcoal as well as dung and other agricultural residues in simple and inefficient devices. Given the informal nature of the supply, it is difficult to acquire accurate data on the use of these biomass materials. However, the traditional use of biomass in 2. EJ although there is growth in absolute terms, the share of traditional bioenergy in total global energy consumption has been falling gradually. See Figure 2 in Global Overview chapter. Consumption of fuelwood for traditional energy uses has remained stable since 2. EJ. 1. 3 The largest shares of fuelwood as well as other fuels such as dung and agricultural residues are consumed in Asia, South America and Africa. The production of fuel charcoal for cooking which is most common in urban areas has increased by an average of around 2 a year since 2. Production decreased slightly in 2. Growth in the use of modern bioenergy for heating also has slowed in recent years, to around 1 per year. In 2. 01. 6, modern bioenergy applications provided an estimated 1. EJ of heat, of which 9. EJ was for industrial uses and 4.
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